On or linked-to by the Website infringes your copyright, you should consider first contacting an attorney. Thus, if you are not sure content located Misrepresent that a product or activity is infringing your copyrights. Please be advised that you will be liable for damages (including costs and attorneys’ fees) if you materially Your Infringement Notice may be forwarded to the party that made the content available or to third parties such Means of the most recent email address, if any, provided by such party to Varsity Tutors. Infringement Notice, it will make a good faith attempt to contact the party that made such content available by If Varsity Tutors takes action in response to Information described below to the designated agent listed below. Or more of your copyrights, please notify us by providing a written notice (“Infringement Notice”) containing If you believe that content available by means of the Website (as defined in our Terms of Service) infringes one This is a dangerous situation, because it can potentially lead to heart attack or stroke. These clots can also become dislodged and travel throughout the circulatory system, where it can become trapped in other blood vessels. This, in turn, can lead to the hardening of blood vessels, as well as contribute to the formation of blood clots that can impede the flow of blood in that vessel. Rather, this is a pathological process that leads to a condition called atherosclerosis. These bile salts are subsequently stored in the gallbladder and, when needed, released into the duodenum of the small intestine to aid in the digestion of lipids.Ĭholesterol can deposit into the inner lining of blood vessels, however this is not a normal function of cholesterol. In fact, if you look through all the steroid hormones, you'll find that they all have the characteristic 4-ring structure that cholesterol has.Ĭholesterol also functions as a precursor for the production of bile salts in the liver. It helps to maintain both the structural integrity of the membrane, as well as its fluidity.Ĭholesterol also serves as a precursor for all steroid hormones. It turns out that cholesterol is an important component of animal cell membranes. To answer this question, let's go through each of the answer choices to see what cholesterol's functions are. Only unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds therefore, only unsaturated fatty acids can participate in geometric isomerism. A molecule is ‘trans’ if the functional groups are on opposite sides. A molecule is ‘cis’ if two identical functional groups are on the same side of the double bond. ![]() ![]() Geometric isomerism, or cis/trans isomerism, is characterized by the relative positions of functional groups around a double bond. Because of its two additional hydrogen atoms, the saturated fatty acid will have a greater molecular weight. The molecular formula for the 15-carbon unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond will be , whereas the molecular formula for its saturated counterpart will be. Knowing this information, we can deduce that a 15-carbon unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond will have two less hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. ![]() Adding a double bond to a fatty acid will eliminate two hydrogen atoms. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, whereas unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. Recall that inflammation is caused by cytokine factors released by WBCs such as macrophages and granulocytes.įatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains that contain a carboxylic acid moiety on one end. Since lowered LDL levels decrease the amount of WBCs in arterial walls, there will be decreased inflammation. The WBCs typically accumulate in arterial walls due to increased LDL levels therefore, a decrease in LDL levels will decrease the risk of heart attack. Heart attacks can often result from atherosclerosis, or thickening and clogging of artery walls due to build up of white blood cells (WBCs). Recall that arachidonic acid is synthesized from an essential fatty acid called omega-6 fatty acid therefore, prostaglandins don’t depend on cholesterol and won’t be affected by decreased LDL levels. Prostaglandins are lipid molecules derived from arachidonic acid. A decrease in LDL will decrease the amount of cholesterol carried by LDL which will, subsequently, increase the amount of free cholesterol found in blood therefore, decreasing LDL will increase the amount of cholesterol found in the blood. Recall that cholesterol is a 4-membered ring structure with a hydroxyl group attached to one of the rings. LDL transports several kinds of lipids such as triglycerides and phospholipids however, the main lipid transported by LDL is cholesterol. LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is a lipid transporter that transports lipids in the blood.
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